The Evolution of Self-Study Education Culture in the South Korean System: From Confucian Tradition to the Era of Smart Education

Abstract

Independent education (Korean: jayeol haksup) is a key driving force behind the success of South Korean education. This culture, born from respect for Confucian education and strengthened by the influence of modern competition and digital technologies, consistently places Korean students at the top of PISA, TIMSS, and other international rankings. This article analyzes the historical roots of independent learning, its institutionalization through hagwons, its digital transformation, and government initiatives for “smart independent learning.”.