Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies(2993-2599 U.S ISSN Center) - aims to accommodate scientific writing of philosophical thought and empirical studies covering major fields, like religion and culture, as well as other fields including law, business, education, economics, fitness, yoga, health, health science, politics, technology, history, agriculture, environment, planetology, cosmology, quantum physics, amongst others social/natural sciences. AJRCS highly appreciates cross-sectoral or multidisciplinary thinking that can trigger the birth of innovation to change both social and cultural fields and lead to better civilization. AJRCS' archiving policy is following the PKP Preservation Network (PN). The PKP Preservation Network (PN) provides free preservation services for any OJS journal that meets a few basic criteria.
The Role of Religious Culture in Strengthening Social Cohesion in Contemporary Society
Religious culture has long been recognized as an influential social phenomenon shaping moral values, collective identity, and patterns of social interaction. In contemporary societies characterized by globalization, cultural pluralism, and social transformation, maintaining social cohesion has become an increasingly complex challenge. This article explores the role of religious culture in strengthening social cohesion by examining its moral, cultural, and social functions. Employing a qualitative methodology based on document analysis and comparative literature review, the study analyzes scholarly perspectives on religion as a cultural system contributing to social solidarity, tolerance, and communal integration. The findings demonstrate that religious culture continues to function as a significant source of shared values, ethical norms, and social trust. The article argues that, when interpreted inclusively and integrated within broader cultural frameworks, religious culture can positively contribute to social cohesion without contradicting secular principles. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further empirical research into the interaction between religious culture and social cohesion in diverse societal contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
Article Review: Studies of Political Systems and Their Reflections on the Current Situation in Iraq
It is evident to all the extent of the importance of studies in political systems as an academic specialization, in providing and enriching knowledge for the Iraqi politician, since these studies are derived from reality and are based on a purely academic methodology, documented through rigorous studies and precise scientific findings. What grants the researcher in political affairs an appropriate intellectual framework is the ability to address unresolved issues in history that some attempt to calculate in isolation, without linking them to other related issues. Today, we seek to identify common ground and to avoid being drawn into self-evident assumptions that occupy a wide space in the escalating political conflict, which in turn emerged within the divided Iraqi society after 2003. This represents an imbalance in the balance of power and a sense of suspicion among other components, which the 2005 Constitution attempted to define indirectly. Methodology and historical determinism thus formed an intense cultural conflict between one side and another, and the political arena became engulfed in a fierce, unrelenting struggle. Political currents confronted one another, each according to its size, and political components emerged aligning themselves with their respective currents and blocs, while researchers found it difficult to identify logical alternatives capable of either mobilizing the street or calming its conflicts. Therefore, we do not stand idly by in the face of overlapping arenas, nor do we allow conflicts—even virtual ones on the internet—to persist. We may record the strengths and weaknesses of one component or another. The country became divided into two camps, with each side considering itself to be right. Ideas and cultures slipped into a state of permanent conflict, which became evident in elections where each component stood with its own, excluding others, recording record numbers in the lexicons of the unconscious. Collective reasoning operated in a rigid manner, attempting to secure a foothold in decisive issues, moreover, the masses were provoked by certain sectarian terms, which one side or another perceived as attempts to undermine it, with each interpreting them as directed against itself and its component. Consequently, the following terms were used in a way that allowed Iraqi politicians to exploit them in their daily dealings, investing them in the worst as follows; Quota-based power sharing was first adopted, and then this term was refined into notions such as partnership, consensus, and balance. Yet, after all this, it entrenched the abhorrent concept of sectarianism. This emerged as a reaction to an authoritarian, totalitarian, and dictatorial regime that divided a single people and fragmented them according to sectarian and regional loyalties. What further compounded the problem was the system that came after 2003, which institutionalized this concept, immersed itself in it, and even took satisfaction in it. Accordingly, the presidencies were distributed on the basis of a sectarian constitutional custom: the President to be Kurdish, the Prime Minister Shiite, and the Speaker of Parliament Sunni, this arrangement extended to all positions within the Iraqi state, reaching even service-level employees. This constitutional custom, although not written into the constitution, had previously been practiced in Lebanon and was later embodied in Iraq. What becomes evident from all this is that any group that had been deprived and whose freedom had been suppressed began to exercise its freedom on a wider scale, Shiites, who had been deprived of practicing their rituals, reclaimed—under the new system of governance—their path toward freedom as a result of the sectarian repression they had endured. The Kurds likewise began to practice their national rituals and to express their national identity openly and explicitly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
The Snake the Rescuer; The Woman the Avenger: Reversal of Order in Girish Karnad’s Naga-Mandala
Girish Karnad in his plays makes a dire attempt to create a world where the women would have their due of love, desire and sexuality. Walking beyond the strict rules of the society that has ordained sexual pleasures as the rightful claim of men and that which is a shame when it comes to a woman, Karnad creates an equal ground. The woman protagonist Rani attains the fulfilment of her desires without an iota of guilt and without Nature’s intervention. Nature the primordial had ever been one with human instincts and the urge for sexuality being a prime instinct had never been interfered with. It is civilizations’ bias that had worked on the contrary. Here the power game between the different quarters come to the focus and Nature in the Naga and civilization in the husband face the human in Rani making her victorious.
The Impact of Water Pollutants on the Hydrological Characteristics of the Euphrates River in the City of Nasiriyah
Water Pollution: Water pollution constitutes one of the significant challenges facing urban areas in most countries across the globe. Technological changes and industrialization have resulted in the use of significant amounts of water to support and maintain industrial processes, aside from the amounts used for domestic and agricultural purposes. Consequently, the amounts and types of waste and residue arising from such use have ended up affecting natural sources of water, namely surface and groundwater, upon disposal into such sources without prior treatments. This has resulted in modifications to the quantities and quality attributes associated with water, with consequent environmental influences adversely affecting the use of water for various purposes. The study established the existence of various factors influential in shaping the hydrological property attributes associated with water, symbolized by the geological structure and surfaces, as well as the modification attributed to the influences of environmental elements for potentially increasing the challenge associated with water pollution in the Euphrates River. The study also established the forms and sources associated with such pollutions, alongside the modifications to the various levels and forms associated with the use of water arising from modifications to its hydrological property attributes. The study also explained various important approaches associated with curtailing such levels and forms associated with water pollution and its harmful environmental influences.
INNOVATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING GERMAN TO STUDENTS STUDYING GERMAN AS A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Teaching German as a second foreign language (L3, typically after English as L2) requires approaches that account for learners' existing multilingual competence, potential transfer effects, and distinct motivational profiles. This enhanced article provides a comprehensive review of innovative pedagogical methods, including multilingual contrastive didactics (e.g., Deutsch als Fremdsprache nach Englisch – DaFnE), task-based language teaching (TBLT), content and language integrated learning (CLIL), flipped classroom models, collaborative and project-based learning, and advanced digital integrations such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools, and gamification. Empirical evidence from recent studies demonstrates improved proficiency, metacognitive awareness, motivation, and intercultural competence. An expanded table details methods, implementation strategies, benefits, challenges, and supporting research. Recommendations emphasize teacher training and hybrid models to optimize outcomes in diverse educational contexts.
ANALYSIS OF SOME AUXILIARIES IN THE OʻGʻUZ DIALECT OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
This article discusses the Oguz dialect of the Uzbek language, some of its specific linguistic features, as well as the use and role of auxiliaries in this dialect. It is explained with examples taken from dialectological materials related to the Oguz dialect.
GENDER PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
This study investigates gender peculiarities in English phraseological units (PUs) to reveal how language encodes cultural attitudes, stereotypes, and social hierarchies related to masculinity and femininity. Phraseological units—idioms, fixed expressions, and proverbs—serve as linguistic markers of historically shaped gender concepts. Using cognitive, sociolinguistic, and semantic analysis, the study categorizes gender-marked idioms, examines their conceptual metaphors, and evaluates the extent of gender asymmetry. The findings indicate that male-related idioms predominantly highlight strength, rationality, and authority, whereas female-related idioms emphasize emotionality, beauty, domestic roles, or social dependence. Additionally, the article identifies modern trends toward gender neutrality and inclusive expression in contemporary English. The research concludes that while traditional idioms preserve historical gender biases, current linguistic changes reflect evolving cultural attitudes toward gender equality.
Musical Traditions of Samarkand in the Early 20th Century
In this article, the services rendered by the famous Samarkand vocalists, master–disciple Shashmaqom performers Hoji Abdulaziz Abdurasulov and Qori Siroj Yusupov, in Uzbek musical art, as well as their creative research carried out in the field of art, are discussed. All information in the article is written on the basis of historical facts. Musical terminology is also used.
Demographic and Sociological Transformations in Iraqi Society After 2003: Kirkuk City as a Model
This study addresses the demographic transformations that Iraq has undergone since 2003 and their profound impact on the country’s social, economic, and political structures. Following the U.S. occupation, Iraq experienced significant changes in its population structure due to migration, displacement, high population growth rates, and an increasing proportion of youth. These transformations were accompanied by various challenges, including unemployment, the spread of informal housing (slums), the deterioration of education and healthcare systems, and the weakening of family structures. Additionally, these changes contributed to the destabilization of social security and the rise of sectarian conflicts. The research explores the concept of demographic transformation, the underlying causes of these changes in Iraq, and their impact on social values, family structures, and the labor market. It also examines key indicators of this transformation, such as population pressure, migration, unemployment, and declining fertility rates. The study concludes that Iraq is currently undergoing a critical phase that could potentially allow it to benefit from a “demographic dividend” — provided that balanced population policies are implemented, infrastructure is improved, migration is managed effectively, and the role of demographic and social research institutions is strengthened.
The Role of the Constitutional Judiciary is to Serve as a Guarantee for the Protection of Basic Rights and Freedoms
The subject of the study deals with the role of the constitutional judiciary as a guarantee for the protection of basic rights and freedoms. The research was divided into two sections. In the first section, we reviewed the function of the constitutional judiciary through monitoring the constitutionality of laws, interpreting the constitution, the legitimacy of the constitutional judiciary, and the foundations of the constitutional judiciary. In the second section, the researcher referred to the constitutional mechanisms that guarantee rights and freedoms by reviewing the oversight of the constitutionality of laws that were entrusted to a judicial body that stands in the way of any violation or transgression of limits issued by public authorities during the exercise of their work. The study concluded that the constitutional texts establish the principles of rights and freedoms, and determine them based on a way that guarantees individuals’ enjoyment of it in the state of law and gives it a constitutional character.
Tourist Attractions in Bukhara and Their Cultural Significance
This article discusses the main tourist attractions of Bukhara, their historical and cultural significance, and their role in the development of tourism today. Bukhara is one of the most ancient cities in Central Asia, and its architectural monuments, madrasas, mosques, and ensembles have their own historical layers. The article discusses the history of the creation of Ark Castle, Poi-Kalon Complex, Lyabi-Hovuz Ensemble, Mir Arab Madrasa, Ulugbek Madrasa, Chor Minor Building, and other important objects, their architectural features, and the spiritual heritage transmitted through them to generations. It also analyzes the importance of these monuments in the understanding of national identity, the preservation of traditional values, and the development of international tourism. The results of the study show that cultural heritage objects are a decisive factor in increasing the tourism potential of Bukhara.
Revisiting Women’s Freedom Struggles in India: A Historical Analysis with Special Reference to Kanaklata Barua of Assam
The study examine the role of women in the anti-colonial movement, emphasizing the stories of those who emerged as potent agents of resistance by defying societal standards, gender norms, and colonial oppression. Kanaklata Barua of Assam is a powerful representation of young bravery and selflessness among these individuals. This study explores her role in the larger framework of women's nationalist involvement, looking at how her acts subverted patriarchal norms in Assamese society as well as British authority. Narratives about male leaders have long dominated the history of India's liberation struggle, obscuring the achievements of women, especially those who were less well-known and from the countryside (Sharma, 2010, p. 87). In order to give Kanaklata Barua and other female freedom warriors their proper place in the national narrative, the article will explore archival materials, regional histories, and existing scholarship on women's engagement in the liberation movement. The analysis shows that their resistance was intricately linked to the mainstream nationalist movement rather than being on the periphery. The study emphasizes the need to incorporate women's perspectives into India's mainstream historiography through a critical reevaluation of historical narratives, so expanding our understanding of what national resistance entails.
Copyright (c) 2023 Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
Assessment of the Impact of Political and Economic Factors on Inflation through Multiple Regression Analysis
This study evaluates the impact of political and economic factors on inflation using a multiple regression framework applied to panel data from emerging economies over the period 2000–2024. The results reveal that political stability, money supply growth, fiscal balance, exchange-rate volatility, and trade openness are significant determinants of inflation. Political instability is shown to heighten inflationary expectations, weaken monetary credibility, and amplify external vulnerabilities. Economic factors such as excessive monetary expansion and persistent fiscal deficits also exert upward pressure on prices. The findings underscore that effective inflation control requires not only sound macroeconomic policies but also strong institutions, stable governance, and credible policy frameworks.
Swami Vivekanand’s Concept of ‘Spiritual Nationalism’: An Inquiry
Swami Vivekanand was a great sanyasi and bona fide nationalist. He believes that spirituality and religion both are the main theme of India. Spiritual nationalism of Vivekanand is a unique synthesis of India’s cultural heritage, its civilisation and religious philosophy, and modern aspirations. Vivekananda’s nationalism is based not only on political or territorial ground of nationalism but also on spiritual ethos of India for national identity. He opined that real nationalism must be rooted in spirituality, as it is the soul of Indian civilisation. Vivekananda stressed on regeneration of India through the revival of Indian culture, spiritual values, and moral strength. His vision of nationalism was inclusive, transcending caste, creed, and regional divisions, and focused on service to humanity as the highest form of patriotism. He linked the religion with nation-building to create a strong, self-reliant India that could contribute to global economy. His philosophy continues to inspire discourses on national identity, cultural resilience, and the role of spirituality in public life. He emphasised that the strength of India comes from religious and spiritual ideas. He understands that religion is backbone of India’s national life. He opined that national life of Indian citizens should be organised on the basis of religious principles. Vivekananda brought back eternal things of Indian Scriptures like Vedas and Upanishads to build up country’s development and faith in individuals. Vivekananda invoked the masses, worked for physical and moral strength of people and created consciousness among Indians for their country’s pride towards ancient glory and greatness. Thus, he became the eminent architect of modern nationalism in Bharat (India). Vivekananda gave importance to the concept of strength and fearlessness. Vivekananda announced that ‘the essence of my religion is strength’. A nation is made only by its individuals and that is why Vivekananda requested all individuals to inculcate the qualities of prowess, human dignity and respect for all. He had deep love and compassion in his heart for poor. He used to say that for the betterment of the poor, it is important to give them education and message of spirituality. He was of the opinion that let the poor be fed and they would take care of the rest. He opined that awakening of masses is important. Vivekananda opined that India may emerge as a determined and stable nation only on the basis of religion. Thus, the paper will enquire Vivekananda’s spiritual nationalism and give some insights how his ideas is relevant at present scenario.
Echoes of Devotion: A Living Heritage of Historic Sri Sri Ganesh Temple in Abhayapuri, Assam: A Cultural, Literary, and Historical Study
The historic Sri Sri Ganesh Temple at Lalmati-Duramari of Abhayapuri located in the district of Bongaigaon, Assam stands as a strong symbol of the deep bond between cultural heritage and religious devotion. Although its exact origin is lost in the flow of oral stories, the temple has grown over many generations into an important cultural centre for the communities of the region. This paper looks at the temple through a literary and historical approach, placing it within the wider traditions of Assamese spirituality, social identity, and shared memory. Using oral accounts, observations, and cultural study, the research shows that the temple is not only a place of worship but also a living record of many layers of cultural history. It explores the living architecture of the temple, its rituals, natural surroundings and its importance in passing heritage from one generation to the next. The study concludes that the Sri Sri Ganesh Temple is embellished with tradition and culture, keeping the ancient spiritual practices alive, while remaining closely connected to modern life in Abhayapuri.
British Raj in Assam and the Politics of Linguistic Nationalism: An Overview on Growth and Maturation
Colonial Assam witnessed the rise of linguistic nationalism as a dominant force developing identity and political mobilization. This study examines maturation process of linguistic nationalism in Assam during the colonial period, centering on how colonial policies shaped language based identity creation and political ambitions. Depending on historical interpretation and examining archival records and literary texts, the paper studies the antagonism between Bengali and Assamese in terms of territorial and cultural contentions. It also emphasizes the missionary engagement, the emergence of middle class, Bengali Assamese linguistic disputes, population diversity and regional programs for education. The conclusions disclose that linguistic nationalism in Assam both a reply to colonial linguistic structure and a push for colonial reorganizations. The study emphasizes the lasting impact of colonial linguistic strategies on Indian nation building and emphasizes the language complexity in the local politics of later post-colonial Assam.
Significance of Vivekananda's Practical Vedanta: Today and Tomorrow
Swami Vivekananda's philosophy of Practical Vedanta represents a revolutionary synthesis of ancient Indian spiritual wisdom and modern pragmatic application. This research examines the contemporary relevance and future implications of Vivekananda's teachings, which bridge the gap between metaphysical speculation and practical life. Through comprehensive analysis of his works and their impact on various domains including education, social reform, interfaith dialogue, and personal development, this study demonstrates how Practical Vedanta offers viable solutions to current global challenges while providing a framework for future human development. The research employs qualitative methodology, drawing from primary sources, scholarly interpretations, and contemporary applications to establish the enduring significance of Vivekananda's philosophical contributions in addressing modern existential, social, and spiritual concerns.
Traditional Socio-Political Structure & Institutions for Self-Governance of Paudi Bhuyan Tribe: An Ethnographic Study
The current paper examines the traditional socio political structure of the Paudi Bhuyan tribe in Odisha. In tribal communities, socio-political institutions are essential for sustaining peace, order, and stability. Various forms of socio-political l structures can still be observed at different levels, including bands, tribes, and chiefdoms. Among the Paudi Bhuyan, these socio-political institutions effectively manage socio-cultural, economic, religious, and local common property resources. The introduction of the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) system has led to modifications in the traditional council's dynamics. Over time, the role and status of the village head (Pradhan) have diminished with the election of ward members, sarpanchs and other PRI members. Historically, this socio-political institutions has played a vital role in socializing community members to uphold a dignified existence while ensuring order and peace within their locality.
Beliefs and Festivals of Oraon: A Folkloristic Study
Odisha has 62 distinct tribal groups, making it the largest collection of tribal people in a single state in the country. Each of these tribal groups has its own indigenous customs and continues to practice them even today. It is home to India's ancient civilization and most of it is concentrated around the Eastern Ghat hill ranges in the region of Koraput, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj. The antiquity of Orissa is endorsed by her ancient people who continue to inhabit their traditional dwelling places in remote areas in the deep forests and hilly interiors. Steeped in the mystery that surrounds their ancient ways, the Odishan tribals continue to be a source of deep interests of scholars from various disciplines.
The Socio-Political Environment of Abu Hanifa's Time and the Role of Imam Azam in It
This article explores the socio-political environment during Abu Hanifa’s lifetime and his stance toward political authority. It highlights his refusal to accept official positions, his respect for the Prophet’s descendants, and his major contributions to Islamic jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa’s legacy continues through the widespread Hanafi school of thought today. In particular, Abu Hanifa was offered the position of seal by Yazid ibn Umar during the Umayyad era and the position of judge in Baghdad by Caliph Abu Ja'far during the Abbasid era, but he declined the offers. The article also highlights the specific aspects of Abu Hanifa's relationship with the judges of that era.
Silence of God in Suffering: A Theological Reflection on Judges 6:13 and the Book of Job in the Face of Biblical Theology
Divine silence in the context of human suffering, drawing primarily from Judges 6:13 and the Book of Job, both texts present profound theological challenges as they depict individuals grappling with the perceived absence of God amidst deep affliction. Gideon's lament “If the Lord is with us, why then has all this happened to us?” echoes Job's prolonged agony and unanswered questions. Rather than providing direct answers, these biblical narratives reveal a theological pattern where silence is not equivalent to divine absence but becomes a medium for testing, transformation, and deeper trust. This study situates these texts within the broader framework of biblical theology, arguing that divine silence serves as a formative experience that shapes faith, exposes the limitations of human understanding, and calls for a resilient, relational trust in God. Furthermore, the article reflects on the contemporary relevance of these themes, particularly in the Nigerian context, where many Christians face ongoing socio-political and economic suffering. It concludes that divine silence, while disorienting, can become a profound space for lament, dialogue, and spiritual growth when viewed through the lens of Scripture.
Longing for the Past: Nostalgic Elements in Kamala Das's Selected Poetry
This research paper examines the pervasive theme of nostalgia in Kamala Das's poetry, focusing on four seminal works: "A Hot Noon in Malabar," "My Grandmother's House," "The Old Playhouse," and "My Mother at Sixty-six." Through close textual analysis, this study explores how Das employs nostalgic elements to articulate themes of loss, displacement, feminine identity, and the inexorable passage of time. The paper argues that nostalgia in Das's work functions not merely as sentimental longing but as a complex literary device that interrogates the relationship between memory, identity, and belonging. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks of nostalgia studies and feminist literary criticism, this research demonstrates how Das's nostalgic discourse reveals deeper anxieties about cultural dislocation, gender roles, and the erosion of traditional familial structures in post-colonial India. The findings suggest that Das's nostalgic poetry serves as both personal catharsis and cultural commentary, offering insights into the broader experience of women navigating modernity while mourning the loss of protective, nurturing spaces of the past.
The Development of the Jadid Movement in Turkestan and the Role of Ishaqkhan Tora Ibrat in it
This article provides information on the emergence of the Jadid movement, known as a socio-political and educational movement that emerged in Turkestan at the end of the last century, the main goal of the movement, and the role of Is’hoqkhan tora Ibrat, one of the major representatives of the Turkestan Jadid movement, in the development of the Jadid movement.
Growth of Vaisnavism and Christianity in the Duar Areas of Lakhimpur
The influences of the larger community on the minor community are indeed a general phenomenon in every society. Only the degree is different in this context. It can depend on the framework of the larger community to extend the influence on other minor communities. Hinduism has influenced the entire Brahmaputra valley from the early times. But the tribes of the Brahmaputra had to follow animism from early times. Some similarities like worship of the river, Sun, moon, animals, etc., of Sanatan Hinduism have been seen in tribal religion, but it may be considered as the direct or indirect influence of Hinduism. In the case of the hill tribes, especially the Nyishi people are quite different. They are independent, and their society has been open from early times. There is no place for class division and the caste system in its social, political, or religious sphere. Although the Nyishi people have followed the Donyi-Polo religion since the early times. All the religious matters were handled by the priest class. There was also seen animal sacrifice in their religion. Verrier Elwin, British-Indian anthropologist, argues about the influences of Hinduism on the indigenous religious faith of the Nyishi,- the same sacrifice, the same colorful festivals, myths, and legends of a rather similar pattern. But there was no cast system and divisions in their society.
The activities of educational centers in the Fergana region, 1991-2021
The article highlights the formation, stages of development and specific features of the activities of educational centers in the Fergana region during the first thirty years of Uzbekistan's independence (1991-2021). In the early years of independence, socio-political and economic changes, the increased demand for new knowledge and skills among the population and young people led to the emergence of non-state educational institutions, in particular, educational centers.
Psychological Observation of Anxiety, Job Satisfaction, and Future Career Perspective among Trainee Teachers: A Study in Teacher Training Institutions of Nadia District, West Bengal
The present study investigates the psychological factors influencing trainee teachers and teacher-educators in teacher training institutions of Nadia District, West Bengal, focusing on anxiety, job satisfaction, and future career perspective. The study adopted a descriptive-cum-exploratory research design with a total sample of 300 participants, including 250 trainee teachers and 50 teacher-educators across five teacher training colleges. The research examines the levels and distribution of anxiety and job satisfaction, compares these variables across key categorical groups (gender, role, institution type, and locality), and explores their relationships with future career perspective, controlling for demographic factors. Findings reveal that moderate levels of anxiety are prevalent among trainee teachers, while teacher-educators report comparatively higher job satisfaction (Sharma & Singh, 2019; Patra & Roy, 2021). Gender, role, and institution type significantly influence anxiety and job satisfaction scores, whereas locality and TTC affiliation show mixed effects (Das & Ghosh, 2017; Chatterjee, 2018). Future career perspective is positively associated with job satisfaction and negatively related to anxiety, highlighting the interdependence of psychological well-being and professional outlook (Gupta & Kaur, 2020; Collie, Shapka, & Perry, 2012). The study underscores the importance of psychological support, career counseling, and institutional interventions to enhance the professional preparedness and well-being of future educators in West Bengal.
Regulation of Agricultural and Livestock Relations in the Legal System of the Tangut State (Si Sya)
This article analyzes the economic foundations of the legal system of the Tangut state (Si Sya) during the 11th-13th centuries, focusing specifically on the legal norms regulating agriculture and livestock. The study is based on the fundamental monograph by renowned Tangut scholar Y.I. Kichanov, "The History of the Tangut State" (1968). The research examines specific provisions from the Tangut legal code, the "Laws Written in Iron of the Heavenly Prosperity Era," particularly concerning land ownership structures, the inheritance system of agricultural land (where priority was given to male children under the age of 14), water resource distribution, and the ninefold fine for livestock theft (the "ninefold penalty"). The article demonstrates that the Tangut state had a well-developed legal framework that efficiently governed its mixed economy, consisting of settled agriculture and nomadic livestock farming.
The Role of Nollywood in a Dying African Traditional Religion and Culture: A Critique of Clash of Native Doctors
Nollywood, also known as the Nigerian film industry, is presently one of the most prolific film industries in the world and the most popular in Africa. However, it appears that Nollywood filmmakers, actors and scriptwriters are neglecting their critical role in the creation, development and perpetuation of the religious, cultural and metaphysical identities of the Nigerian people. Instead, they seem to be portraying some false religious and cultural consciousness of the African people, thereby projecting false ontological and epistemic identities of the people. This paper is a philosophical critique of the contribution of Nollywood to the rapid decline of African Traditional Religions (ATRs) and African Traditional Cultures (ATCs), through a content study of Clash of Native Doctors. The paper shows that most Nollywood scriptwriters, filmmakers and actors/actresses contributed to the dying state of ATR and ATC. A specific analysis of the Nollywood film, Clash of Native Doctors shows that ATRs and ATCs are portrayed as blood-seeking or blood-sucking religions and cultures, while Christianity, whose foundation was laid on the crucifixion and blood sacrifice of a supposed innocent man, is portrayed as the perfect religion. This is logically evident in the film’s transformation of Agada (Dibia or a native priest) who did everything to neutralize the negative spiritual machinations of other Dibias, such as Odenjinji, and Ogbaka, against the innocent people of Anioma community from a native priest to a pastor before he conquered and triumphed over the other Dibias. In fact, the paper argues that the true African Dibia is one who intercedes for his fellow citizens and ensures justice in society rather than someone who performs rituals to stop innocent citizens from making progress, as portrayed in the film.
Socio-Spiritual Characteristics of Futuvvat Ideas
This article analyzes the socio-spiritual characteristics of the ideas of futuwwa, which is one of the important directions of the spiritual heritage of Islam. The doctrine of futuwwa occupies a special place in ensuring human perfection, in the formation of a spiritually mature, morally perfect person. The article highlights the historical sources of futuwwa, its close connection with Sufi traditions, and its role in establishing values such as humanity, generosity, honesty, and justice in society. At the same time, opinions are expressed about the role and importance of the ideas of futuwwa in the process of modern spiritual and moral education.
A Look at the History of Cultural Centers
This article presents sources related to the history of cultural centers in Uzbekistan. It discusses not only historical aspects but also the political processes involved in the formation of cultural centers. Definitions of the term club are examined. In addition, the article offers brief suggestions for the development of cultural centers. The article highlights the stages of development of cultural centers based on historical sources and contemporary legislation, while also emphasizing their social, educational, and cultural significance.
cultural center, club institution, cultural and educational activities, social reforms, cultural workers.