American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
American Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637) is an international peer-reviewed journal published to reach excellence on Research and Scientific Development. The journal is not limited to a specific aspect of engineering and architecture but is instead devoted to a wide range of subfields in the engineering sciences, electrical, mechanical and architecture. Articles of interdisciplinary nature are particularly welcome. The journal strives to maintain high-quality of publications. There will be a commitment to expediting the time taken for the publication of the papers. The editorial board reserves the right to reject papers without sending them out for review. The journal also publishes innovative contributions on every aspect of the architectural endeavor.
Rehabilitation in the Study of Ischemic Stroke
At present, due to the rapid progress of treatment technology in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke, the mortality of patients has been greatly reduced but the number of disabled survivors is increasing, and most of them are elderly patients. Physicians and rehabilitation therapists pay attention to develop all kinds of therapist techniques including physical therapy techniques, robot-assisted technology and artificial intelligence technology, and study the molecular, cellular or synergistic mechanisms of rehabilitation therapies to promote the effect of rehabilitation therapy. Here, we discussed different animal and in vitro models of ischaemic stroke for rehabilitation studies; the compound concept and technology of neurological rehabilitation; all kinds of biological mechanisms of physical therapy; the significance, assessment and efficacy of neurological rehabilitation; the application of brain–computer interface, rehabilitation robotic and non-invasive brain stimulation technology in stroke rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
Scientific Analysis of the Indicators of Strength, Elasticity, And Tension of Karakul Wool Fibers after Softening using Physico-Mechanical Methods
In Uzbekistan, the wool processing industry is not yet fully developed, and the semi-coarse fibers of local sheep are considered a difficult raw material due to their roughness, low elasticity, and disproportionate properties. This study analyzes changes in the strength, elasticity, and tensile characteristics of softened wool fibers. Based on regression modeling, technological trends and optimal parameters of seasonal fibers were determined. The results show that the softening of fibers increases production efficiency, and the developed models serve to prepare high-quality yarn and strengthen export potential.
This article describes the structure and operating principle of an automatic water dispenser based on an infrared sensor and a microcontroller. The device provides automatic water dispensing by detecting the user's movement without contact. The article analyzes in detail the functions of the main components of the automatic water dispenser system, including the IR sensor, microcontroller control board, electric pump, relay module and Li-ion battery. The automatic and manual control modes of the device, energy saving, hygienic convenience and application possibilities in everyday life are also considered. The results of this study are of practical importance in the design and improvement of automated water supply devices.
Fountains Their Main Types and Hydraulic Calculations
This paper investigates fountains and their main types with a focus on hydraulic design principles and calculation methods. Fountains play an important role in urban infrastructure and landscape architecture, providing aesthetic, microclimatic, and recreational benefits. However, stable and energy-efficient operation of fountain systems largely depends on the correct hydraulic calculation of flow rate, pressure head, jet velocity, and hydraulic losses. Improper design may lead to insufficient jet height, excessive energy consumption, or unstable operating conditions. In this study, fountains are classified according to their operating principles into free-flow, pressurized, and combined systems. For each type, the relationship between hydraulic parameters is analyzed using classical fluid mechanics equations. Mathematical models describing jet height, discharge velocity, and head losses in pipelines and nozzles are presented. The influence of pump characteristics and system losses on the achievable fountain height is evaluated through analytical calculations. The obtained results demonstrate that accurate hydraulic calculations allow optimization of pump selection and operating режимes, reduction of energy losses, and improvement of overall system efficiency. The proposed approach can be used in the design and modernization of fountain systems in urban and recreational areas, contributing to reliable operation and sustainable water use.
Abdurayimov Roʻzimuhammad Hasanboy Oʻgʻli
Hydraulic Couplers and Their Attachments
This article details the importance of hydraulic fasteners, their types, physical and chemical properties and additives that increase technological efficiency, which occupy an important place in the system of building materials. The process of solidification of hydraulic couplers in the aquatic environment, their mechanisms of strength formation and their application in modern construction have been analyzed from a scientific point of view. Also based on the effect of mineral and chemical additives on the quality of binders, environmental and economic efficiency.
Compatibility of Cotton Confectionary Fat with Natural Cocoa Butter
The article deals with the methods of hydrogenation and perietherification, the opportunity of obtaining cocoa oil substitute, which is close to the natural cocoa oil in its physical and chemical dualities as its freezing and melting temperature, solidity, the content of triglycerids of fraction and etc. New scientific, experimental and practical results of obtaining cocoa oil substitute have been presented.
The Role of Recycling in Building a Circular Economy
The growing global demand for resources and increasing waste generation pose serious threats to sustainable development (UNEP, 2023). Transitioning from a linear to a circular economy has become crucial. This article analyzes the environmental, social, and economic benefits of recycling, illustrated by practices in Sweden and the European Union. Findings indicate that recycling contributes to energy savings, waste reduction, job creation, and economic resilience. Nevertheless, recycling alone is insufficient without systemic approaches and supportive policies (Circularity Gap Report, 2024).
Sustainable Development of the Old Area of the City of Samara
The current study attempts to design for the development of Samarra's Old District. It is a mirror that reflects the effects of this civilization and the expression of the city's symbols through the integrated development of the examined region and its significance. Which will become a tourist attraction due to its cultural significance. It is also economically significant because it helps to the city's economic development and provides job possibilities for the unemployed. Which instills in the visitor a new perception of Samarra and, at the same time, instills pride in the city's youth when the heritage of their city is revealed to them. The archaeological significance of the project is one of the grounds for its selection. The reasons for choosing the project 1-The archaeological significance of the ancient district, which is a strong point for attracting tourists to the city and aids in the identification of the city's legacy. 2-To attract tourists, the city requires a space and an entertainment facility that welcome their activities and fits their needs. Project goals and objectives 1. Create communities near the Grand Mosque and give them their unique identity through a panorama that recounts the city's past to visitors and residents, as well as allowing them to see the heritage and glory of their forefathers. 2. Hold creative performances to communicate with other people's civilizations and cultures, as well as global scientific and technological growth. Visitors' definitions of Samarra's extended heritage, as well as the city's residents' definitions of what exists overseas and how it reflects current cultural development. Provide trade centers for various types of heritage goods, which is a lovely souvenir that visitors can preserve, and there can be. The research made a Sustainable development plan for the studied area and recommended some proposals for completion of the project.
Analysis of Fluid Flow through 90° Pipe Bends: Pressure Losses, Flow Separation, And Velocity Distribution
This paper gives a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the flow of an incompressible fluid through a 90deg pipe bend on the open-source SimScale platform. The flow of curved pipes is typified by the redistribution of velocity, development of a secondary flow and pressure losses so the primary goal is to determine the magnitude of the pressure losses and study the behaviour of velocity and the behaviour of separation as a function of Reynolds number and bend curvature. The parametric study of the elbow geometries is followed with variable curvature ratios (rc/D) and flow conditions (laminar and turbulent) on the geometries. Structured meshes in which the near-wall refinement has been used and steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models which are the standard k-e model and the SST k-o model are used to perform simulations with chosen transient cases to capture unsteady separation. The analysis has been conducted on pressure loss coefficients and velocity profiles, pressure contours, and the second flow patterns. The findings indicate the great effect of bend geometry and flow regime on flow organization and energy losses. The paper draws attention to the originality of utilizing an open-access CFD platform, which offers a reproducible numerical model, which can be used in teaching engineering and in initial design and subsequent experimental support.
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
The Problem of Modeling the Practice of Heat Treatment in the Preparation of Shafts of Technological Machines
In this article, the solution of the problem posed by the method of modeling the process of thermal processing is considered in solving the problems of managing and facilitating the technological process of manufacturing the shafts of technological machines and various techniques. As a result of theoretical studies, it was stated that the proposed thermal treatment model of shafts allows for rational control of the direction and amount of internal stresses in the preparation of shafts of technological machines and other techniques.
Mathematical Model for Improving Wear Resistance and Reducing Noise in Bevel Gear Transmissions
This paper presents a mathematical model aimed at evaluating the geometric accuracy of tooth surfaces and reducing wear and noise in bevel and hypoid gear transmissions used in automobile drive axles. The study considers the spatial kinematic and geometric characteristics of the grinding process based on the formate–tilt principle, in which the generating motions between the cutting tool and the workpiece are modeled using coordinate systems. Based on the parametric equations of the cutter head surface, the spatial theoretical equations of the gear tooth surface are derived, and the geometric deviations between mating tooth surfaces are evaluated using a discretization approach. The proposed model can be applied to analyze the meshing process, assess load distribution, and substantiate technological solutions aimed at reducing noise levels in bevel and hypoid gear transmissions.
Method and System for Constructing a Measuring Instrument Based on Digital Twin Technology
This article discusses an innovative approach to the design, manufacture, and operation of high-precision measuring instruments based on the concept of a digital twin. The proposed method enables the creation of a highly accurate virtual copy of a physical measuring device that integrates data on component geometric errors, assembly errors, static and dynamic system errors, and sensor characteristics. A multi-stage procedure for constructing such a digital twin is described, from design to calibration and operation. The architecture of the system, consisting of the physical subsystem of the device, its digital twin, and an integrated measurement management subsystem, is presented. A key advantage of this approach is the ability to predict measurement uncertainty, monitor instrument accuracy degradation in real time, optimize measurement trajectories on the virtual model, and, as a result, significantly improve the quality, reliability, and life cycle of measuring equipment. The method is illustrated using the example of constructing a coordinate measuring machine.
Deepfake Image Authentication with Deep Learning Technologies
As synthetic media has grown, deepfake images have become a big danger to the truthfulness of information and trust in digital media. These pictures were made by advanced generative models like GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks). They often include small visual differences that the human eye can't see. The goal of this project is to create a strong deep learning-based system that can find and sort deepfake photos with great accuracy. The model is trained on benchmark datasets like Face Forensics++ and Celeb-DF using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and transfer learning techniques. The suggested system focusses on learning features that can tell the difference between actual and fake photographs. It does this by looking for patterns like pixel-level aberrations, irregular illumination, and face asymmetry. The experimental results suggest that the model can accurately identify deepfake content, which is important for digital forensics, social media moderation, and information security.
Analysis of Foreign Impurities Contained in Fiber
This article presents experiments conducted in production conditions, changes in the structural composition of cotton and its characteristic parameters during technological processes.
changes in the technological process of cotton structure parameters
Design and Structure of Functional Textiles for Bed Applications
The analysis of medical fabrics showed that the assortment continues to develop, and new fabrics with improved consumer properties appear.
Impact of Advanced Composite Tubes on the Efficiency and Durability of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers in Corrosive Petroleum Environments
This paper investigates the influence of a NCET on thermal performance and durability of S&T HE operating in corrosive media like that found in petroleum production. Traditional carbon-steel tubes corrode and erode, as well as foul up the process so that heat is not effectively transferred resulting in less efficiency, more frequently down time and costly servicing. This covers recent research on fibre-reinforced polymer and metal–matrix composite tubes for corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity, tensile strength and long-term stability when subjected to high temperature with pressure in a multiphase flow environment. A theoretical comparison of total heat-transfer coefficients, pressure drop and anticipated service life between composite and metallic tubes is generated. Consideration is given to design issues such as tube–sheet attachment, compatibility with current shell-and-tube layouts, and life-cycle cost effects. The outcomes should demonstrate the capability of suitably designed composite tubes to greatly improve performance and service life, while controlling corrosion failure. Guidelines for metallic and composite selection for petroleum heat exchangers are also presented, along with research needs for future experimental and industrial-scale work.
Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Study of Materials, Process Parameters, Equipment, And Economic Efficiency
The rapid development of powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) has created new opportunities for producing complex metal components with controlled microstructure and high functional performance. Despite the widespread adoption of AM systems, the combined influence of powder characteristics, process parameters, and machine architecture on the final quality of printed parts remains insufficiently clarified. This work presents an integrated experimental and analytical investigation covering material properties, energy–material interaction, equipment capabilities, and the economic feasibility of industrial AM deployment. The results demonstrate that optimized powder preparation combined with energy-efficient parameter windows can significantly reduce microstructural defects and improve mechanical consistency. The findings provide new insights into the integrated optimization of materials, process parameters, and equipment selection, offering a practical decision-making framework for industrial implementation of powder-based AM.
Modern Strengthening Approaches for Aluminum Alloys: From Precipitation to Ultrafine-Grained Structures
The rapid evolution of transportation, energy, and aerospace technologies continues to increase the demand for aluminum alloys with superior combinations of strength, ductility, and thermal stability. Meeting these requirements relies on a deep understanding of the microstructural mechanisms governing deformation and strengthening. Over the last decade, substantial advancements have been achieved in the development of multiscale strengthening strategies, where atomic-level solute interactions, nanoscale precipitates, and submicron grain structures are engineered synergistically to optimize mechanical performance. This review consolidates recent experimental and theoretical progress in precipitation engineering, solute–dislocation interactions, and grain refinement through SPD. A comparative assessment of strengthening efficiency, stability under service temperatures, and applicability to industrial-scale processing is provided. The article also outlines remaining challenges and identifies promising routes toward designing next-generation aluminum alloys optimized for lightweight, high-performance structural applications.
Development of the Integrated Flood Hazard Index (FHI) for a Multi-Criteria Assessment of Mudflow Hazard
The article presents a comprehensive approach to the quantitative assessment and mapping of debris-flow hazard at the regional scale (using Samarkand Region as a case study) through the development of an integrated Flood Hazard Index (FHI). The index is constructed using a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) framework and incorporates six key thematic layers: precipitation intensity (CHIRPS), flow accumulation (HydroSHEDS ACC), terrain slope (SRTM), distance to surface water bodies (JRC Global Surface Water), vegetation index (MODIS NDVI), and global land-cover data (ESA WorldCover). Data processing was carried out within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment, while layer integration was performed using normalization procedures and the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) technique. The resulting FHI map delineates four hazard classes (very low to high) and reveals the spatial concentration of high hazard levels in the mountainous and piedmont catchments of the Middle Zarafshan. The methodological principles and datasets employed in the study are aligned with contemporary practices in satellite remote sensing and GIS-based hazard assessment.
Research and Testing of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams on Slope Section
In this article, the strength of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibers in the slope section was studied experimentally and theoretically. The role of fibers in the concrete structure, their effect on crack elimination and their contribution to shear strength were analyzed. According to the results of laboratory tests, it was found that basalt fibers increase the shear strength and energy absorption capacity of concrete in the slope section. The results of the studies were compared with ordinary reinforced concrete, and suggestions were made on the optimal fiber content.
Geotechnical coal mining integrates geological, geomechanical, and engineering principles to ensure the safe and efficient extraction of coal resources. As mining operations progress to deeper and more structurally complex deposits, understanding the mechanical behavior of rock masses, stress redistribution, and ground stability becomes increasingly critical. This study examines key geotechnical factors influencing coal mine design, including rock mass characterization, slope and roof stability, subsidence prediction, groundwater control, and the application of monitoring systems for early hazard detection. Modern methods such as numerical modeling, geophysical exploration, and real-time geotechnical monitoring are highlighted as essential tools for improving mine planning and preventing failures such as roof collapses, gas outbursts, and landslides. The research emphasizes the importance of integrating geotechnical risk assessment into mining operations to enhance worker safety, optimize resource extraction, and reduce environmental impacts. Findings indicate that geotechnically informed decision-making significantly improves mine stability and sustainability, especially in regions with complex geological conditions.
Review on Sustainable Concrete: Alternatives to Cement, Gravel, and Sand
Concrete is the most widely construction material in the world due its easy formation and availability of raw materials. The disadvantage of its use was cement since it responsible of most CO2 emissions in world. Besides that, due to rapid publication growth, the waste materials generated by humans, such as plastic, glass, and non-biodegradable materials, harm the environment, so most research has involved incorporating waste materials in concrete to create an eco-friendly concrete. In this research, some studies that replaced cement with silica fume, palm ash, and fly ash, sand with glass powder and PET, gravel with crushed concrete and rubber were reviewed.
Development of Machine Learning Platforms that Accelerate Drug Discovery and Molecular Screening for Cancers, Autoimmune Diseases, And Neurological Disorders
The emergence of machine learning (ML) systems has gone a long way in advancing drug discovery, especially in the face of complex diseases including cancers, autoimmune diseases and neurological diseases. The combination of ML algorithms and genomic, proteomic, and clinical data has a tremendous potential to be used in predicting the therapeutic targets, in accelerating the drug screening process, and in improving the molecular interactions. This paper will discuss some of the ML methods, such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and generative models, in drug discovery and molecular screening of these diseases. Moreover, the article raises the problems related to the implementation of ML to large-scale molecular data, the ethical issues of the implementation, and the necessity of the explainability of the ML models. Cases of MLs used in oncology, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases are described to demonstrate how the technologies have been used to aid in the early diagnosis of diseases, repurposing of drugs, and the creation of precision medicine. The combination of quantum computing, blockchain, and AI-based platforms are also discussed and their transformative power that should be used to ensure healthcare data security and enhance the efficiency of drug discovery pipelines. The article ends by stating that interdisciplinary work and data-sharing models are vital to the achievement of the full potential of ML in healthcare innovation.
Analysis of Contemporary Trends in Housing Design and Construction in the Historical Districts of Samarkand: Architectural Styles and Approaches (the combination of contemporary and historical elements)
This study explores contemporary trends in housing design and construction within the historic core of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, with comparative insights from Turkey and Europe. The introduction highlights the tension between urban modernization and heritage preservation in rapidly transforming historic cities. While Samarkand faces increasing pressure from tourism-driven development, its architectural identity rooted in traditional mahalla structures is at risk. The research identifies a critical knowledge gap in how modern housing projects in Central Asian historic cities integrate—or fail to integrate—traditional architectural and cultural values. Methodologically, the study employs qualitative analysis of urban policy documents, architectural case studies (e.g., Kosh-Khauz project), and comparative literature on heritage conservation practices. Findings reveal divergent approaches: Samarkand exhibits both sensitive adaptive reuse and disruptive redevelopment, with limited community engagement and inconsistent enforcement of heritage protection laws. In contrast, Turkey demonstrates stronger adaptive reuse models, though not without failures, while European cities apply strict zoning and incentivize preservation. The results suggest that urban heritage management in Samarkand lacks coherent integration between policy, community, and design practice. The study implies that adopting more participatory and legally grounded conservation frameworks—similar to those in Europe—could help balance modernization with the safeguarding of local identity. These findings contribute to the global discourse on sustainable heritage-led urban development.
Analysis of Socio-Economic Losses in Emergency Situations
This study proposes a new assessment methodology based on an integrated and modular approach, developed through the analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of existing methods for evaluating socio-economic losses in emergency situations. The proposed methodology allows for real-time data processing and adaptation to various types of emergencies.
A Transfer Learning Approach for Real-Time Parking Availability Classification Using MobileNetV2 and Efficient Net
It is hard for computers to tell if parking is available because of things like different parking lot layouts, different types of vehicles, and photos that are low quality or grainy. We propose a transfer learning method based on TensorFlow Hub to create a large-scale multi-class image classification system for determining whether a parking space is available. To improve the model's performance, pre-trained architectures such as MobileNetV2 and Efficient Net are utilised to create rich feature representations from images of parking lots. We utilise a publicly available dataset with annotated images of parking lots and cars for training and testing. To improve the quality and reliability of the data, various preprocessing methods are employed, including image scaling, normalisation, and augmentation. We use categorical cross-entropy loss to improve the model, and we evaluate it using Top-1 and Top-5 accuracy metrics. The results demonstrate that this method is effective and can be applied in real-time parking availability detection, smart city solutions, and automated parking management systems. We also examine problems, including class imbalance, vehicles blocking each other, and misclassification, as parking layouts are identical. This work demonstrates how transfer learning can be beneficial for classifying large numbers of images, particularly for use on edge devices and in real-time applications that track parking availability.
Comprehensive Review on the Intersection of Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning in the Era of Generative AI
The accelerated growth of generative AI has transformed the relationship between Big Data Analytics (BDA) and Machine Learning (ML), enabling intelligent data-driven systems with unprecedented scalability, automation, and representation learning capability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of how BDA pipelines integrate with classical machine learning, deep learning, and modern generative AI systems such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and large language models (LLMs). A detailed examination of system modules—including data ingestion, distributed storage, feature engineering, model training, generative augmentation, and deployment—is presented to understand their role in modern analytics ecosystems. Although the paper discusses generative AI trends, all literature references are restricted to work published before December 2023. The proposed system architecture demonstrates how organizations can combine big data infrastructure with generative AI-driven ML pipelines to enhance decision-making, synthetic data generation, automation, and enterprise intelligence.
Copyright (c) 2024 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
Determining the Optimal Longitudinal Spacing Between Upper and Lower Working Elements in Two-Tier Chisel-Type Plows
This scientific paper presents a complete methodology for determining the optimal longitudinal spacing between the lower deep-loosening shanks and the upper working tools of two-tier chisel-type plows. The study integrates soil deformation modeling, traction resistance optimization, analytical formulas, and IMRaT structural requirements. Results show that proper spacing significantly improves soil loosening, reduces traction demand, and enhances soil physical properties. Analytical formulas and engineering guidelines for real-world design and calibration are provided.
Theoretical Basis of Leveling Tillage in a Paraplow-Type Slanted-Column Chisel Plow
As is known, at present the use of static and dynamic equations alone is insufficient for solving the problem of equilibrium of agricultural units. It becomes necessary to introduce additional forces, which significantly increases the complexity of research in this field. Existing studies are characterized by the fact that when analyzing the stability of a tillage implement based on equilibrium conditions, the standard plow body is considered as the working tool.
Thermo-Economic Optimization of a Novel Supercritical CO₂ Brayton Cycle Integrated with Concentrated Solar Power for High-Efficiency Electricity
The basic idea of this presented research is to modernize the electricity generation system with high quality and provide development in the economical and thermal mechanical design of the Bratton cycle. This research includes an advanced study of economic and analytical studies to give an ideal superior operational quality and enlarge the energy storage space while reducing excess costs. We used in this research the technology of simulating thermal movement in addition to the benefit of economic analysis to study variables on operational capabilities and benefit from them. The lower cycle also has an important role in thermal balance and modern experience has confirmed that it is more efficient than the old system in developing solar systems to reduce costs and consumption of thermal pressure inside. The system.